ôn thi tốt nghiệp Cử nhân Anh văn Môn Semantics

(b) ‘The ice cream is in the fridge’ SITUATION 1: A: ‘Where’s the dessert?’ B: ‘The ice cream is in the fridge’ B directly informs A of what is prepared for dessert and where it is kept. This is A REPRESENTATIVE SITUATION 2: A: ‘The ice cream is in the fridge’ (= ‘Have some ics cream, please’) B: ‘No, thanks, I’m full.’ A indirectly invites B to have some ice cream. This is A DIRECTIVE. -------------------Đáp án đề 6 Part one: SEMANTICS (6 m) 1a. Maxims of the cooperative principle (1 point) The four conversational maxims of the co-operative principle are: 1. The maxim of Relevance: what we say should be relevant. 2. The maxim of Quality: what we say should be true. 3. The maxim of Quantity: what we say should be brief. 4. The maxim of Manner: what we say should be clear. In fact, these conversational maxims are not always observed. 1b. denotation vs. connotation (1 point) The denotation of a word is the core, central or referential meaning of the word found in a dictionary. It is the meaning that may be described in terms of a set of semantic features that serve to identify the particular concept associated with the word. The connotation of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning. It shows people’s emotions and/or attitudes towards what the word refers to. For example, woman is denotatively described as [+ human], [+ mature] and [+ female]. Ubder a certain circumstance, woman may positively be connoted as [+ devoted]. Under another circumstance. woman may negatively be connoted as [+ talkative]. 2a. Presupposition (1 m) (i) The utterance presupposes that the gift did not please her. (ii) The utterance presupposes that the hearer already knows who they are. 2b. Figures of speech (1 m) (i) Less developed countries is a euphemism which really means poor countries. (ii) The huge locomotive is given two human actions: snorted and belched. The sentence in questions an expression of personification which means the huge locomotive made a string of strange, irritating sounds and released a lot of smoke while it was moving across the plain. 3. Speech acts (2 m) (Answers to this part of the test vary depending on the situations provided by the student.) (a) ‘It’ll be ready tomorrow.’ Mary’s boss: ‘When will I have your report?’ Mary: ‘It’ll be ready tomorrow.’ (= ‘I’ll finish it tomorrow.’) Mary indirectly promises to finish the report the next day. This is A COMMISSIVE. (b) ‘You’ll be too hot in the sun.’ A: ‘I think I’ll put on the wool suit.’ B: ‘You’ll be too hot in the sun.’ (= You shouldn’t wear the wool suit.’) B indirectly advises A not to wear the wool suit. This is A DIRECTIVE. (c) ‘Authors always pay their debts’ A: ‘Authors always pay their debts’ B: ‘I can’t agree more.’ A directly states the fact that no one can avoid paying his/her own debt(s). This is A REPRESENTATIVE (d) ‘The food is really awful.’ A: ‘I love this pizza. Why don’t you try it?’ B: ‘Already. And the food is really awful to me.’ B directly shows that he/she extremely dislikes the food. This is AN EXPRESSIVE. -------------------Đáp án đề 7 Part one: SEMANTICS (6 m) 1. Deixis and examples (1 m) A word/phrase which directly relates an utterance to a time, place or person. Person deixis, time deixis, space deixis. 2. Semantic properties (1 m) Aunt (human, ascending generation, female) Crawl (motion, horizontal, four limbs involved, two limbs always on surface) Virtue (abstract notion, moral goodness) Cygnet (animate, young, swan) 3. Presuppositions (0.5 m) a. The utterance presupposes that there is a beautiful view somewhere. b. The utterance presupposes that they have a son. 4. Conversational implicatures (0.5 m) a. B’s utterance may implicate that he/she didn’t finish the report. b. B’s utterance may implicate that he/she won’t have any coffee. 5. Figures of speech (1 m) a. I want to take part in the contest but I don’t have the nerve. Metonymy --- Being one of the groups of the fibers controlling our movement, feelings and mental states such as fear or determination (literal meaning), “the nerve” is figuratively used to substitute for “determination”, “bravery” or “courage”. In this case. The controller substitutes for the controlled. b. As we are sailing into this millennium, we should know there are still many difficulties. ----------------------------------Đáp án đề 11 Part two: Semantics (30 điểm = 3/10) 1. Semantics features (6 điểm) Semantics features are the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaning of a word may be described as a combination of its smallest units of meaning – its semantics features a. Sibling has only one semantic feature: [+ born by the same parents]. b. Brother and sister both have two semantic features: [+ born by the same parents] and [ male]. c. Anh and chị both have three semantic features: [+ born by the same parents], [ male] and [ older]. d. Em has only two semantic features: [+ born by the same parents] and [younger]. e. Huynh, đệ, muội and tỷ all have three semantic features: [+ born by the same parents], [ male] and [ older]. 2. True synonymy vs. Partial synonymy (6 điểm) 2.1 True synonymy is a relation in which various wors have different (written and sound) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning. For example, the four English nouns kind, type, sort and variety are synonyms; they all refer to a group having similar characteristics. 2.2 Partial synonymy is a relation in which a polysemous word shares one of its meanings with another word. For example, one meaning of broad is synonymous with wide: This river is very broad/ wide at this point. 3. Presuppositions (6 điểm) (3a) I haven’t had/onwed/possessed any house (yet). (3b) They waited until the last minute (and thus they failed the exam) 4. Figures of speech (6 điểm) (4a) Was laid to rest is a euphemism meaning was buried. (4b) Live in a sea of doubt is an overstatement/ an expression of hyperbole meaning be too suspicious. Doubt is implicitly compared to a sea, both being characteristic of their immeasurability. This is a metaphor. 5. Speech Acts (6 điểm) Answers to the questions in this part vary depending on the situations provided by the student. If there is no situation provided, there will certainly no mark counted) Đáp án đề 12 I. Semantics (10 points) Part I (3 points) I.1 It is said that sense and reference are two aspects of the meaning of a word because the meaning of a word comes to our mind sometimes as sense (0.3 point) and sometimes as reference (0.3 points) the meaning of a word that comes to our mind can be established as the intra-linguistic relationship between the word (in question) and another word or orther words that are semantically equivalent to the word in question (0.3 point). This is called sense (0.3 point) sense (meaning) word ----------------------- semantically equivalent word(s) The meaning of a word that comes to our mind can also be established as the extra-linguistic relationship between the word (in question) anh its referent(s)(i.e.the thing(s) in the read world in question refers to) (0.3 point). This is called reference.(0.3 point) 1.2 The aspect of meaning that first comes to mind of a child who is exposed to his/her native language (from the age of 8 months to the age of 15 months) is reference (0.3 point). The reason is that there is only one way for an adul /earetaker/babysitter to communicative with a child of this age, which is to point to specific referents of word whenever using that word talking to the child (e.g. point at a teddy bear when saying “ bear” to the child) (0.3 points) Part 2 (1.5 points) The connotation of a word is the association(s) that the word has over and above its denotation (0.3 point). A word like titanic(Whose denotation is[+ huge] (0.3 point) may have such connotations as [+ romance/romantic] (0.3 points), [ + ship] (0.3 points). [ + sacrificial] (0.3 points),etc. Part 3 (3.5 points) 1. There is an instance of synonymy in the above sentence (0.25 points). The synonymy found here are language and tongue( 0.25 points). 2. The sense relation between these word is hyponymy (0.25 points) because the supberordinate term (or hypernym) langauge (0.25 points) can be english(a hyponym)(0.25 points), chinese( anther hyponym)(0.25 points), etc. language English Chinese …. …… …… ……… (0.25 points) The classification of language into english, Chinese, etc. Is often referred to as taxonomy (0.25 points). 3. The word tongue in the above sentence is not an instance of ambiguity (0.25 points) because the context “ English is spoken…by more people than any other tongue…” is clear that tongue here can only be interpreted as a synonym of language(0.25 points). 4. The figure of speech found in the use of tongue in the above sentence is metonymy ( 0.25 points) because tongue, which is associated with language (0.25 points), esbecially spoken language, is substituted for language (0.25 points). However, native speakers of English use the word tongue with this sense so naturally that many of them are unaware that this is aninstance of metonymy (0.25 points). Part 4 ( 2 points) 1. In this utterance, the speaker an illocutionary act of warning (0.4 points). This speech act is a directive (0.4 points). 2. In this utterance, the speaker perporms illustration act of stating/ reporting a fact (0.2 points). Thic speech act is a representative ( 0.4 points). 3. In this utterance, the speaker performs an illocutionary act of exclaiming (0.2 points). This speech act is an experessive (0.4 points). Đáp án đề 13 PART II. SEMANTICS (3m) Ia. What are PROFORMS? Give two examples to illustrate. (0.5m) Definition: proforms which can serve as replacements for different clements in sentence. (1/4m) 1) A: I hope you can come B: I hope so (So replaces that I can come) (1/8m) 2) A: I like green tea. B: I do too (Do replaces like green tea) (1/8m) Ib. Identify PRESUPPOSITIONS in the following sentences: (0.5m) 1. Where did you buy the motorbike? (You bought the motorbike) (1/4m) 2. You are late for the meeting again (You were late before) (1/4m) 2.Interpret the meaning of the following sentences and then identify the kind of FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE used (0.5m) a. Don’t substitute the good for the bad. … the good and the bad in this context means good work and bad work. This is metonymy (1/4m) b. The man is a demon of energy. … a demon of energy in this context means the man is very energetic/ Full of energy/very active. This is metaphor (1/4m) Lý Thuyết Semantics THE LESSON SEMANTICS – Semantics is a study of context free meaning. Semantics : Components, features, properties. – Progmatics study of context dependent meaning – Semantics : “What does the sentence means” – Pragmatics : “What does the speaker means by the sentence” – Semantics features we can ask the meaning of words never finish an answer. Man : [+human, +male, +adult ] – Primitive : they’re the first concept of human mind. – Universal : that are shares by human being features/ com ponential/ analysis (listing). – Method of analyzing word meaning in terms of semantics features. (Khi phân tích thành tố nghĩa phải được đặt giữa 2 dấu ngoặc vuông) – Presence of meaning of word – Absence – Binary opposition (đối lập lưỡng phân) Man Woman Boy Girl Bachelor Spinder Human + + + + + + Male + + + - Aldult + + + + Married +/+/NA (not apply) NA - Semantics field in a group of words which share one or more semantic feature. [+female] : pregnant (adj), wife (n), breastfeed (v) : semantic field * Sự khác nhau giữa Denote và Connotation : Denote 1. Basic meaning of a word Connotation : Additional meaning Identify a concept Speaker’s attitude/feeling/evaluation of the concept 2. Basic meaning in share by all speaker’s Varies from individual to culture of the language 3. is listed in dictonary Not find in dictonary – Denotation/denotative (cognitive) meaning/dictonary (conceptual) meaning/conctation ---->. Taboo, euphenism. – Conotative meaning/emotive/affective/evaluative. – Taboo comes from Togan, a polynesian language togan in language. In togan the word “taboo” refers to atcs which one forbidden or so usually unaceptable. – Taboo word are acts words denotinarts “pies” dirty word. – die = pass away ---> euphenism – bastard = love child – belly = abdomien – Jesus christ = Gee whiz – Taboo liên quan tới conotation – Reference : constant, variable (khả biến) – When a word or an expression can be used to refer to one or the same object in the world only it’s reference constant. + Hầu hết các trường hợp có sở chỉ khả biến sense : is the relationship inside the language : ý nghĩa của 1 từ ta gán vào nó đối lập với các từ khác gọi là sense. Cái gì nói lên tính chất của nó gọi là tự nhiên. – Reference : relationship between language and the word relationship inside the language. Proper name : noun People : from Place : many Reference sense : sense relation Rose [ flower {hypernym/generic/supervordinate term {hyponym/specific/term/subordinate {hyponymy Beauty [+abstract] Chair [+furniture] Rose [+flower, +thorn] “Rose” và flower : sense relation : Hyponymy (quan hệ tính bao nghĩa) * Hyponymy is a sense relation in which the sense of a word in included in the sense of another word. – Sense of rose include sense of flower – bed/furniture : is a type of relation, is hyponymy 2. Hyponymy (below) ---> bird, fish/ Animal (1) : Hypernym (above) ---> reptile (snack, crocodile, etc) ---> ect. – The word higher is call Hypernym – The word lower is call Hyponyms – Reptile is the hyponym of animal. Reptile is the hypernym of snack, etc